Vi ved, at de partikler og gasser der findes i brandrøg er synderen i forhold til den signifikant øgede risiko for udviklingen af kræft for brandfolk. Hver især er disse stoffer sundhedsskadelige, men når de blandes sammen som det altid sker i en ildebrand sker der en synergieffekt i de kemiske forbindelser der findes i røgen og den skadelige effekt øges meget kraftigt.
Oversigt over kræftformer og hjertekarsygdomme
Risikofaktor
Følgende tabel viser en række udvalgte kræftformer og hvor stor den forhøjet risiko er i forhold til normalbefolkningen. Risikoen er beregnet ved hjælp af statistisk og med et 95% konfidensinterval. Det betyder at man med 95% sandsynlighed kan sige at den udregnet værdi er korrekt, men der er selvfølgelig også en 5% chance for at den er forkert (Dette er en metode der er videnskabelig konsensus omkring og bliver brugt i alle aktuelle rapporter).
Resultaterne fra LeMasters et al. (2006) kan vise sig at være konservative, da man som brandmænd er i bedre form end normal befolkningen. Dette er en faktor som kan skævvride resultaterne og dermed give et mere positivt resultat end den faktiske virkelighed.
| Kræftform |
LeMasters, 95% CI |
Risiko |
| Mavekræft |
1.22 (1.04 to 1.44) |
22% |
| Tarmkræft |
1.21 (1.03 to 1.41) |
22% |
| Endetarmskræft |
1.29 (1.10 to 1.51) |
29% |
| Modermærkekræft |
1.32 (1.10 to 1.57) |
32% |
| Hudkræft |
1.39 (1.10 to 1.73) |
39% |
| Prostatakræft |
1.28 (1.15 to 1.43) |
28% |
| Testikelkræft |
2.02 (1.30 to 3.13) |
102% |
| Hjernekræft |
1.32 (1.12 to 1.54) |
32% |
| Non-Hodgkin lymfom (lymfekræft) |
1.51 (1.31 to 1.73) |
51% |
| Myelomatose (knoglemarvskræft) |
1.53 (1.21 to 1.94) |
53% |
Oversigt over giftstoffer
Brandfolk udsættes for mange kræftfremkaldende og sundhedsskadelige stoffer i forbindelse med en ildebrand. Følgende dokumentere en række af disse stoffer og hvorledes IARC klassificere dem.
- Gruppe 1 Stoffet er kræftfremkaldende hos mennesker
- Gruppe 2A Stoffet er formentlig kræftfremkaldende hos mennesker
- Gruppe 2B Stoffet er måske kræftfremkaldende hos mennesker
- Gruppe 3 Stoffet er ikke klassificeret som kræftfremkaldende hos mennesker
- Gruppe 4 Stoffet er formentlig ikke kræftfremkaldende hos mennesker
| Stof |
Gruppe |
IARC Monographs |
År |
| Acetaldehyde |
2B |
36, Sup 7, 71 |
1999 |
| Acrylonitrile |
2B |
71 |
1999 |
| Asbestos (alle former) |
1 |
14, Sup 7, 100C |
2012 |
| Arsenic |
1 |
23, Sup 7, 100C |
2012 |
| Benzene |
1 |
29, Sup 7, 100F |
2012 |
| 1,3-Butadiene |
1 |
97, 100F |
2012 |
| Cadmium |
1 |
58, 100C |
2012 |
| Chloroform |
2B |
73 |
1999 |
| Crystalline silica dust |
1 |
68, 100C |
2012 |
| Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) |
2B |
77, 101 |
2013 |
| Diesel (engine exhaust) |
1 |
46, 105 |
2012 |
| Dioxin |
1 |
69 |
1997 |
| Formaldehyde |
1 |
88, 100F |
2012 |
| Glycidaldehyde |
2B |
11, sup 7, 71 |
1999 |
| Methylene Chloride |
2B |
71 |
1999 |
| PAHs1 |
|
|
|
| Soot (sod) |
1 |
35, Sup 7, 100F |
2012 |
| Styrene |
2B |
60, 82 |
2002 |
| Tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene) |
2A |
63, 106 |
in prep |
| Trichloroethylene |
2A |
63, 106 |
in prep |
| Vinyl chloride |
1 |
97, 100F |
2012 |
| Wood dust |
1 |
62, 100C |
2012 |
1 Individuelle polycykliske aromatiske kulbrinter (fx benzo(a)pyren, benzo(a)anthracen) er blevet klassificeret som sandsynligvis kræftfremkaldende for mennesker (Gruppe 2A) og mange andre er blevet klassificeret som muligvis kræftfremkaldende (gruppe 2B). En blanding af PAH’er er klassificeret som kræftfremkaldende for mennesker (Gruppe 1)
IARC – Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1-123.pdf
IARC – Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1-128.pdf
Oversigt over undersøgelser
| År |
Titel
|
| 2023 |
Occupational Exposure as a Firefigther (https://publications.iarc.fr/615/ (IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans Volume 132
(Published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer,
25 avenue Tony Garnier, CS 90627, 69366 Lyon Cedex 07, France ©International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2023 Online publication, July 2023)) (PDF) |
| 2022 |
Carcinogenicity of occupational exposure as a firefighter (www.thelancet.com/oncology. Published Online June 30, 2022 (https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(22)00390-4)) (PDF) |
| 2020 |
Anna Stec et al. Minimising firefighters’ exposure to toxic fire effluents. Interim Best Practice Report. An independent report with a forward by FBU General Secretary Matt Wrack. Published November 23, 2020 (https://www.fbu.org.uk/news/2020/11/23/urgent-action-needed-protect-firefighters-risk-getting-cancer-scientists-find) (PDF) |
| 2018 |
Gainey et al. Exposure to a firefighting overhaul environment without respiratory protection increases immune dysregulation and lung disease risk. PLoS ONE 13(8): e0201830. Published August 21, 2018 (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201830) (PDF) |
| 2018 |
Stec et al. Occupational Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Elevated Cancer Incidence in Firefighters. Scientific Reports volume 8, Article number: 2476 (2018). Published Online 06 February 2018 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) (PDF with markings) |
| 2017 |
EPIBRAND. Long-term follow-up for cancer incidence in a cohort of Danish firefighters. Kajsa Kirstine Ugelvig Petersen, Julie Elbæk Pedersen, Jens Peter Bonde, Niels Erik Ebbehoej and Johnni Hansen. Occup Environ Med. Published online October 21, 2017 (PDF) |
| 2017 |
BIOBRAND. Association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA damage in human volunteers during fire extinction exercises. M. H. G. Andersen et al. Mutagenesis, 2017, 00, 1–11 doi:10.1093/mutage/gex021 Original Manuscript (PDF) |
| 2017 |
BIOBRAND Cardiovascular health effects following exposure of human volunteers during fire extinction exercises. Andersen et al. Environmental Health (2017) 16:96 (PDF) |
| 2014 |
Pukkala et al. Cancer incidence among firefighters: 45 years of follow-up in five Nordic countries |
| 2014 |
D. Glass et al. Final Report Australian Firefighters’ Health Study |
| 2014 |
Shaw et al. Corrigendum to: “Persistent organic pollutants including polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in firefighters from Northern California”. Chemosphere 102 (2014) 87 (PDF) |
| 2013 |
Daniels et al. Mortality and cancer incidence in a pooled cohort of US firefighters from San Francisco, Chicago and Philadelphia (1950− 2009) |
| 2013 |
Fent et al. Evaluation of Dermal Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fire Fighters |
| 2013 |
Shaw et al. Persistent organic pollutants including polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in firefighters from Northern California. Chemosphere 91 (2013) 1386–1394 (PDF) |
| 2012 |
Shaw et al. Persistent organic pollutants including polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in firefighters from Northern California (link) |
| 2010 |
IARC Vol. 98-7 – Firefighters |
| 2006 |
LeMasters et al. Cancer Risk Among Firefighters: A Review and Meta-analysis of 32 Studies |
| 2000 |
Bolstad-Johnson et al. – Characterization of Firefighter Exposures During Fire Overhaul |
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